Start here: figure out who rejected it and why
The fix depends on the rejection. Before you retake, find the rejection message. The DS-160 upload validator returns a specific error code; a U.S. passport agency clerk usually flags one or two reasons on a printed slip; USCIS rejects a paper Form I-485 or Form I-765 photo with a Request for Evidence that names the problem. Get the wording exactly. "It didn't look right" is not a reason , read the actual sentence. Once you have that, work the checklist in order. Most rejections trace back to one of seven things and you can usually fix the photo in one retake.
1. Size and crop
The single most common rejection is the head being too big or too small for the frame. The U.S. Department of State asks for a printed 2 × 2 inch photo with the head between 1 and 1 3/8 inches from chin to crown , that is roughly 50% to 68.75% of the image height. DS-160 wants a 600 × 600 px square at the same head ratio. If your photo was rejected for sizing, do not retake yet , re-crop. A larger source image (say, 1500 × 1500 px) can be cropped down to the right ratio without losing detail. If you started with a tight selfie that already filled the frame, no crop will fix it; retake with more headroom and shoulders.
2. Background
The U.S. wants a plain white or off-white background with no shadows, patterns, or visible objects. The most common failures are: a wall that is not as plain as it looked through the phone screen (textured paint, faint scuff marks), a shadow cast on the wall by the subject's own head, or another object visible behind the shoulders. The fix is almost always physical: stand a step further from the wall so any shadow falls down and behind, point a soft front light at the subject (a window with sheer cover is ideal), and check the wall for marks. Software background replacement is allowed for some non-U.S. documents but the U.S. State Department disallows digital alteration of the background for U.S. passport photos.
3. Expression and pose
Smile rejection catches more people than they expect. A polite closed-mouth smile is still a smile to automated review , cheeks raise, eyes narrow, mouth shape changes. Aim for neutral: mouth closed naturally, no curve at the corners. Head tilt is the runner-up. Look at the photo with a finger covering your nose. If your two ears are not at roughly the same height, the head is tilted. Straighten and retake. Eyes open, looking straight at the lens. No squinting in bright light. If the subject normally wears glasses, give the eyes a moment to adjust after removing them.
4. Lighting
Shadows on the face , under the chin, on one side of the nose, in the eye sockets , usually come from a single overhead source. The fix is to add a second soft source from the front (a window, a sheet of white paper held to bounce light) or to move the subject closer to the existing window. Hot spots , a forehead that glows white, a shiny nose , usually mean the source is too close or too direct. Diffuse it. A bedsheet or a thin curtain over a lamp does more for a passport photo than any phone filter.
5. File format, dimensions, and size
Digital uploads have hard limits. DS-160 wants a square JPEG at 600 × 600 to 1200 × 1200 pixels and under 240 KB. The DV Lottery entry expects 600 × 600 px JPEG under 240 KB. Online passport renewal accepts JPEG up to 10 MB but requires a square aspect ratio and a minimum dimension. USCIS paper photos are 2 × 2 inches printed. The upload validator will reject a 4032 × 3024 phone photo even if the face is perfect , the dimensions are wrong. Re-export at the correct pixel size before retrying. If the file is too large, save the JPEG at a lower quality setting until it fits, but do not resample it down past the spec.